Mu mwaka wa 2010, Geim na Novoselov begukanye igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel muri fiziki kubera akazi bakoze kuri graphene.Iki gihembo cyasize abantu benshi cyane.N'ubundi kandi, ntabwo buri gikoresho cyo kugerageza igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel gisanzwe nka kaseti ifata, kandi ntabwo buri kintu cyose cyubushakashatsi ari amarozi kandi cyoroshye kubyumva nka graphene “ebyiri-zifite kristu”.Ibikorwa mu 2004 birashobora gutangwa muri 2010, bikaba bidasanzwe mubyanditsweho igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel mu myaka yashize.
Graphene ni ubwoko bwibintu bigizwe nigice kimwe cya atome ya karubone itondekanye neza muburyo bubiri bwubuki bwa hexagonal.Kimwe na diyama, grafite, fullerene, carbone nanotubes na karubone ya amorphous, ni ibintu (ibintu byoroshye) bigizwe nibintu bya karubone.Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo gikurikira, fullerène na carbone nanotube irashobora kugaragara nkizunguruka muburyo bumwe uhereye kumurongo umwe wa graphene, ushyizwe hamwe na graphene nyinshi.Ubushakashatsi bujyanye no gukoresha graphene kugirango busobanure imiterere yibintu bitandukanye bya karubone byoroshye (grafite, carbone nanotubes na graphene) bimaze imyaka igera kuri 60, ariko muri rusange abantu bemeza ko ibikoresho nkibi byombi bigoye kubaho byonyine, gusa bifatanye nubuso butatu bwa substrate hejuru cyangwa imbere mubintu nka grafite.Mu 2004 ni bwo Andre Geim n'umunyeshuri we Konstantin Novoselov bambuye igipande kimwe cya graphene muri grafite binyuze mu bushakashatsi ni bwo ubushakashatsi kuri graphene bwageze ku majyambere mashya.
Byombi fullerene (ibumoso) na karubone nanotube (hagati) irashobora gufatwa nkaho yazungurutswe nigice kimwe cya graphene muburyo bumwe, mugihe grafite (iburyo) ishyizwe hamwe na graphene nyinshi binyuze muguhuza imbaraga za van der Waals.
Muri iki gihe, graphene irashobora kuboneka muburyo bwinshi, kandi uburyo butandukanye bufite ibyiza byabwo nibibi.Geim na Novoselov babonye graphene muburyo bworoshye.Bakoresheje kaseti ibonerana iboneka muri supermarkets, bakuyemo graphene, urupapuro rwa grafite rufite igipande kimwe gusa cya atome ya karubone, uhereye ku gice cya grafite ya pyrolytike.Ibi biroroshye, ariko kugenzura ntabwo aribyiza cyane, kandi graphene ifite ubunini buri munsi ya microne 100 (kimwe cya cumi cya milimetero) irashobora kuboneka gusa, ishobora gukoreshwa mubushakashatsi, ariko biragoye gukoreshwa mubikorwa Porogaramu.Imyuka ya chimique irashobora gukura graphene ingero zingana na santimetero icumi hejuru yicyuma.Nubwo agace gafite icyerekezo gihamye ni microne 100 gusa [3,4], cyarabaye gikenewe kubyara umusaruro ukenewe.Ubundi buryo busanzwe ni ugushyushya kariside ya silicon (SIC) kugeza kuri 1100 ℃ muri vacuum, kugirango atome ya silikoni hafi yubuso bugenda buhinduka, hamwe na atome ya karubone isigaye ihindurwa bundi bushya, ishobora no kubona urugero rwa graphene ifite ibintu byiza.
Graphene ni ibintu bishya bifite imiterere yihariye: amashanyarazi yayo ni meza nkumuringa, kandi nubushyuhe bwumuriro buruta ibintu byose bizwi.Biragaragara cyane.Gusa igice gito (2,3%) cyumwanya uhagaze urumuri rugaragara ruzakirwa na graphene, kandi urumuri rwinshi ruzanyuramo.Nibyinshi cyane kuburyo na atome ya helium (molekile ntoya ya gaze) idashobora kunyuramo.Iyi miterere yubumaji ntabwo yarazwe na grafite, ahubwo ni mumashanyarazi.Ibikoresho byihariye byamashanyarazi na optique byerekana ko bifite ibyifuzo byinshi byo gukoresha.
Nubwo graphene yagaragaye gusa mugihe kitarenze imyaka icumi, yerekanye ibikoresho byinshi bya tekiniki, bikaba bidasanzwe cyane mubijyanye na fiziki na siyanse yubumenyi.Bifata imyaka irenga icumi cyangwa imyaka mirongo kugirango ibikoresho rusange biva muri laboratoire bijya mubuzima busanzwe.Gukoresha graphene ni ubuhe?Reka turebe ingero ebyiri.
Electrode yoroshye
Mubikoresho byinshi byamashanyarazi, ibikoresho bitwara ibintu neza bigomba gukoreshwa nka electrode.Amasaha ya elegitoronike, kubara, tereviziyo, kwerekana amazi ya kirisiti yerekana, gukoraho, imirasire y'izuba nibindi bikoresho byinshi ntibishobora kuvaho kubaho electrode iboneye.Electrode gakondo ibonerana ikoresha indium tin oxyde (ITO).Bitewe nigiciro kinini kandi gitangwa na indium, ibikoresho biroroshye kandi ntibishobora guhinduka, kandi electrode igomba gushyirwa mubice byo hagati ya vacuum, kandi igiciro kiri hejuru.Kuva kera, abahanga bagerageza gushaka icyasimburwa.Usibye ibisabwa byo gukorera mu mucyo, gutwara neza no gutegura byoroshye, niba guhuza ibikoresho ubwabyo ari byiza, bizaba byiza gukora "impapuro za elegitoronike" cyangwa ibindi bikoresho byerekana.Kubwibyo, guhinduka nabyo ni ikintu cyingenzi cyane.Graphene nibikoresho nkibi, bikwiranye cyane na electrode ibonerana.
Abashakashatsi bo muri kaminuza ya Samsung na chengjunguan muri Koreya y'Epfo babonye graphene ifite uburebure bwa diagonal ifite uburebure bwa santimetero 30 bakoresheje imyuka ya chimique hanyuma bayimurira muri firime ya micron 188 yuzuye polyethylene terephthalate (PET) kugira ngo ikore ecran ya graphene ishingiye kuri ecran [4].Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo gikurikira, graphene ikura kuri fayili yumuringa yabanje guhuzwa na kaseti ikuramo ubushyuhe (igice kibonerana cyubururu), hanyuma ifu yumuringa igashonga hakoreshejwe imiti, amaherezo graphene ikoherezwa muri firime ya PET mukuyishyushya .
Ibikoresho bishya byerekana amashanyarazi
Graphene ifite imiterere yihariye ya optique.Nubwo hariho urwego rumwe gusa rwa atome, irashobora gukuramo 2,3% yumucyo wasohotse mumurongo wose wumurambararo kuva kumucyo ugaragara kugeza kuri infragre.Uyu mubare ntaho uhuriye nibindi bikoresho bya graphene kandi bigenwa na kwant electrodynamic [6].Umucyo winjijwe uzaganisha ku gisekuruza cyabatwara (electron nu mwobo).Igisekuru nogutwara abatwara muri graphene biratandukanye cyane nibiri muri semiconductor gakondo.Ibi bituma graphene ibera cyane ibikoresho bya induction ya ultrafast.Bigereranijwe ko ibikoresho nkibi byo kwinjiza amafoto bishobora gukora kuri frequence ya 500ghz.Niba ikoreshwa mugukwirakwiza ibimenyetso, irashobora kohereza miliyari 500 zeru cyangwa imwe kumasegonda, kandi ikarangiza kohereza ibiri muri disiki ebyiri za Blu ray mumasegonda imwe.
Impuguke zo mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya IBM Thomas J. Watson muri Amerika zakoresheje graphene mu gukora ibikoresho byinjiza amashanyarazi bishobora gukora kuri 10GHz inshuro [8].Ubwa mbere, flake ya graphene yateguwe kuri substrate ya silicon itwikiriwe na silika 300 nm yubushyuhe bwa "kaseti ya kaseti", hanyuma zahabu ya palladium cyangwa zahabu ya titanium ifite intera ya micron 1 n'ubugari bwa 250 nm.Muri ubu buryo, haboneka igikoresho cya graphene gishingiye ku mafoto yerekana amashanyarazi.
Igishushanyo mbonera cya graphene yifoto yububiko bwa induction hamwe na scanning electron microscope (SEM) amafoto yintangarugero.Umurongo mugufi wumukara mubishushanyo uhuye na microne 5, kandi intera iri hagati yumurongo wicyuma ni micron imwe.
Binyuze mu bushakashatsi, abashakashatsi basanze iki cyuma cyitwa graphene cyuma cyubatswe cyuma gifata amashanyarazi gishobora kugera kuri frequence yakazi ya 16ghz cyane, kandi gishobora gukora ku muvuduko mwinshi mu burebure bw’umuraba kuva kuri 300 nm (hafi ya ultraviolet) kugeza kuri microne 6 (infrared), mu gihe imiyoboro ya fotoelectric induction ntishobora gusubiza urumuri rwa infragre hamwe nuburebure burebure.Inshuro zakazi za graphene fotoelectric induction iracyafite umwanya munini wo gutera imbere.Imikorere isumba iyindi ituma igira ibyifuzo byinshi byo gusaba, harimo itumanaho, kugenzura kure no gukurikirana ibidukikije.
Nibikoresho bishya bifite imiterere yihariye, ubushakashatsi ku ikoreshwa rya graphene burigaragaza nyuma yizindi.Biragoye kuri twe kubarura hano.Mu bihe biri imbere, hashobora kubaho imiyoboro yingirakamaro ikozwe muri graphene, guhinduranya molekile ikozwe muri graphene na moteri ya molekile ikozwe muri graphene mubuzima bwa buri munsi… Graphene igenda isohoka muri laboratoire izamurika mubuzima bwa buri munsi.
Turashobora kwitega ko umubare munini wibicuruzwa bya elegitoronike ukoresheje graphene bizagaragara mugihe cya vuba.Tekereza ukuntu byaba bishimishije mugihe terefone zacu zigendanwa hamwe na netbook zacu zishobora kuzunguruka, gufunga amatwi, kuzuza mumifuka, cyangwa kuzinga amaboko mugihe bidakoreshejwe!
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-09-2022